To commemorate the momentous 50 th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s pioneering journey into space on 12 th April 2011, a series of five books – to be published annually – will explore this half century, decade by decade, to discover how humanity’s knowledge of flying, working and living in space has changed. Each volume will focus not only upon the individual missions within ‘its’ decade, but also upon the key challenges facing human space exploration at specific points within those 50 years: from the simple problems of breathing and eating in space to the challenges of venturing outside in a pressurised spacesuit and locomotion on the Moon. The first volume of this series will focus upon the 1960s, exploring each mission from April 1961 to April 1971 in depth: from the pioneering Vostok flights to the establishment of the first Salyut space station and from Alan Shepard’s modest sub-orbital ‘hop’ into space to his triumphant arrival at the Moon’s Fra Mauro foothills almost a decade later.

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Full text of ' - 2 - 8 / >/7 ^ /^/ff & 6 / Z2 - Challenge to Apollo The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 • • NASA SP-2000-4408 Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 by Asif A. Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Division Office of Policy and Plans Washington, DC 2000 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Siddiqi.

Asif A., 1 966- Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the space race. 1945-1974 / by Asif A. — (The NASA history series) NASA SP; 2000-4408 Includes bibliographical references and index. Astronautics — Soviet Union — History. Space race — History. NASA SP: 4408.

TL789.8S65 S47 2000 629.40947— dc2 1 00-01047 To my mother and my father, who taught me the ualue of knowledge History is always written wrong, and so always needs to be rewritten. - — Qeorge Santayana You can’t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water.